(emphasis mine) [my comment]

Forget global imbalances, it is now a Sino-American imbalance —
Posted on Wednesday, April 22nd, 2009
By bsetser

Or perhaps a Sino-North Atlantic or Sino-Euramerican imbalance. Europe plays a supporting role in the drama.

If oil averages $50 or so this year and $60 or so next year — and if intra-European surpluses and deficits are netted out — the world's macroeconomic imbalances reduce to the United States external deficit (which the IMF estimates will be under 3% of US GDP in 09), a somewhat smaller EU deficit and China's 10% of GDP surplus.

On the surplus side of the global ledger, the IMF forecasts that there will soon be China — and almost no one else.



Stacking Europe on top of the US makes it hard to see Europe's contribution to offsetting Asia's surplus over the past two years. The US deficit peaked in 06; if Europe's deficit hadn't increased dramatically since then, Asia couldn't have run such a large surplus (remember that from 06 on, most Asian currencies were deeply undervalued v Europe) at the same time as the oil exporters. Deficits and surpluses have to add up globally.



The IMF doesn't current expect China's stimulus to bring China's current account surplus down. From a savings and investment view, I suspect the IMF expects a rise in public investment to offset a fall in private investment, not increase total investment — and the swing in the fiscal deficit to partially be offset by a rise in household savings. Just a guess though. And on the trade side, the fall in exports will be offset by the impact of lower commodity prices [Imports will fall more than exports]. The fact that China's current account surplus is expected to stay large over time also suggests that the IMF continues to believe that the RMB is undervalued.

The bigger question though is whether or not China will still be willing to accumulate the very large claims on the world implied by the IMF's forecast. China is already worried about the long-term value of its $2.3 trillion or so in reserves and hidden reserves.

The current account surpluses in the IMF's forecast implies that Chinese claims on the world would rise by another $2.3 trillion over the next 4 years. If private Chinese savers don't want to add to their dollar and euros, the government would need to resume buying — on a large scale.

One last point:

The IMF doesn't attribute the current crisis directly to global imbalances [global imbalances were a root cause of current crisis]. Fair enough [not really]. The proximate trigger for the global downturn was a collapse in private financial intermediation, not a collapse in net demand for US financial assets. It wasn't linked to a dollar crisis — at least not directly (more on this later). The subprime crisis of August 07 proved bad for the dollar; but Lehman's crisis unleashed a bout of deleveraging the supported the dollar. The US consumer - -and US financial sector — gave out before the rest of the world's willingness to finance the US [true].

At the same time, as Martin Wolf and others have emphasized, the capital outflow from the emerging world to the US and Europe — a flow that was necessary to support large household deficits in a country like the US where neither the government nor business was savings — wasn't a private flow. The scale of emerging market reserve growth was far far larger than ever in the past. And that includes the period immediately after the Asian crisis when a host of countries added to their reserves on a large scale.

I usually plot reserve growth with a positive sign. But an increase in reserves produces a capital outflow. Plotting the outflow from emerging market governments to the advanced economies over the past several years highlights just how much money emerging market governments moved into the financial markets of the advanced economies.*



Private investors in the emerging world didn't, generally speaking, want dollars or euros. That is why reserve growth topped the emerging world's current account surplus.

The IMF seems to expect a return to this pattern [unlikely] — just with a smaller number of p layers, smaller aggregate flows and smaller deficits in the US (scaled to GDP). China's surplus would continue to fuel Chinese reserve growth and thus the buildup of Chinese government claims on the US and Europe [this is not possible. In order to prevent Chinese reserve growth from fueling inflation in recent years, China has suppressed domestic domand. However, China now is trying to stimulate domestic demand and has let loan growth go out of control. This is not sustainable. China can't print billions of yuans to maintain dollar peg while encouraging domestic demand without causing hyperinflation domestically]. And, implicitly, China's government would risk ever larger losses on its ever growing foreign portfolio — at least so long as China finances the world by buying dollars and euros, not making yuan-denominated loans. [which is why China is working so fast to make the yuan an international currency. Soon China will be making those yuan-denominated loans.]

* The IMF's data includes SAMA but it excludes the Asian NIEs (Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and HK) and leaves out China's non-reserve foreign assets. It thus understates headline emerging market reserve growth. On the other hand, I am not sure if it is adjusted for valuation effects, so it may overstate reserve growth when the dollar is falling.

Data all comes from the IMF WEO's interactive data base.

My reaction: China is now the only nation running a large trade surplus.

1) The world's macroeconomic imbalances can be reduced to the United States external deficit (3% of US GDP in 09), a small EU deficit, and China's 10% of GDP surplus.

2) The IMF forecasts China to be the only country "on the surplus side of the global ledger."

3) From 2006 onwards, most Asian currencies were deeply undervalued vs Europe, which lead Europe's deficit increasing dramatically.

4) The fall in Chinese exports will be offset by the impact of lower commodity prices

5) The RMB is undervalued.

6) The IMF's forecast that Chinese claims on the world will rise by another $2.3 trillion over the next 4 years (assuming dollar doesn't collapse, etc...).

7) If private Chinese savers don't want to add to their dollar and euros (they won't), the government would need to resume reserve growth on a large scale.

8) The scale of emerging market reserve growth over the last decade was far, far larger than ever in the past.

9) The IMF expects a return to the old pattern: China's surplus would fueling Chinese reserve growth and thus the buildup of Chinese government claims on the US and Europe. This won't happen.

10) China's government risks ever larger losses on its ever growing foreign portfolio, which is why China is working so fast to make the yuan an international currency. Soon China will be making yuan-denominated loans.


Conclusion: I have predicting this development since last December, when I wrote Why the US Trade Deficit is Worsening and Dollar Implications. Over the last two decades, developed nations have chosen to outsource the polluting and labor-intensive parts of their economies. As a result of the manufacturing of consumer goods has become concentrated in Asia. I explained why this is significant in my entry, *****Hyperinflation will begin in China and destroy the dollar*****.

(emphasis mine)

China is running record trade surpluses

China's imports are crashing much faster than its exports. In December, Chinese imports fell 21.3% while exports fell only 2.8%. As a result, China has been running record trade surpluses these last three months: $35 billion, $40 billion, and 39 billion.

The reason for China's surplus is obvious when you think about it. Consider the following list of goods a country can exports and ask yourself what would hold up best during a severe global economic downturn.

*** Commodities (Oil, gas, steel, etc)
*** Capital goods (Airplanes, Caterpillars, Machinery for new factories, Machinery for new mining/oil exploration projects, etc)
*** Durable goods (SUVs, CARs, appliances, business equipment, electronic equipment, home furnishings, etc)
*** Luxury goods (brand name products, designer clothing, artwork, etc...)
*** Cheap consumer goods (everything you buy at Wal-Mart)

The answer is that the demand for cheap consumer goods will hold up better than anything else. This can easily be seen in the retail sales this holiday shopping season. Wal-Mart, which imports 70% of its products from China, was the only retail to post a year-on-year increase in sales. So while the world economy might be imploding spectacularly, demand for Wal-Mart's cheap Chinese goods is holding up quite well. The implications of this is that while China's exports will fall, they will fall less than those of any other country.

The current trade surplus is still completely unsustainable. If China's continues running a 40 billion dollar trade surplus all year, its base money supply will double by the end of 2009. Also, since China has halted the appreciation of the yuan, its trade surplus is unlikely to shrink as demand for cheap consumer goods is set to remain strong.